Ripplocations in layered materials: Sublinear scaling and basal climb

The ripplocation is a crystallographic defect which unique to layered materials, combining nanoscale delamination with the slip of basal dislocation. Here, we have studied dislocations and ripplocations, in single multiple van der Waals layers, using analytical computational techniques. Expressions for energetic structural scaling factors surface ripplocations are derived, close correspondence physics classical carpet ruck. Our simulations demonstrate that lowest-energy structure dislocation pileups materials ripplocation, while large bulk graphite multilayer delamination, curvature, voids. This can provide concise explanation volumetric expansion seen irradiated graphite.